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retroviruses

  • Open Access
    It’s the Little Things (in Viral RNA)
    Minireview | Host-Microbe Biology
    It’s the Little Things (in Viral RNA)

    Chemical modifications of viral RNA are an integral part of the viral life cycle and are present in most classes of viruses. To date, more than 170 RNA modifications have been discovered in all types of cellular RNA. Only a few, however, have been found in viral RNA, and the function of most of these has yet to be elucidated. Those few we have discovered and whose functions we understand have a varied effect on each virus. They...

    Jiří František Potužník, Hana Cahová
  • Open Access
    HIV Vpr Modulates the Host DNA Damage Response at Two Independent Steps to Damage DNA and Repress Double-Strand DNA Break Repair
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    HIV Vpr Modulates the Host DNA Damage Response at Two Independent Steps to Damage DNA and Repress Double-Strand DNA Break Repair

    The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signaling cascade that safeguards the genome from genotoxic agents, including human pathogens. However, the DDR has also been utilized by many pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to enhance infection. To properly treat HIV-positive individuals, we must understand how the virus usurps our own cellular processes. Here, we have found that an important yet poorly understood gene in HIV,...

    Donna Li, Andrew Lopez, Carina Sandoval, Randilea Nichols Doyle, Oliver I. Fregoso
  • Open Access
    IFITM3 Reduces Retroviral Envelope Abundance and Function and Is Counteracted by glycoGag
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    IFITM3 Reduces Retroviral Envelope Abundance and Function and Is Counteracted by glycoGag

    The viral envelope glycoprotein, known as “Env” in Retroviridae, is found on the virion surface and facilitates virus entry into cells by mediating cell attachment and fusion. Env is a major structural component of retroviruses and is targeted by all arms of the immune response, including adaptive and innate immunity. Less is known about how cell-intrinsic immunity prevents retrovirus replication at the level of individual...

    Yadvinder S. Ahi, Diborah Yimer, Guoli Shi, Saliha Majdoul, Kazi Rahman, Alan Rein, Alex A. Compton
  • Open Access
    A Protein Antagonist of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Encoded by a Complex Mouse Retrovirus
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    A Protein Antagonist of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Encoded by a Complex Mouse Retrovirus

    Complex retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cause many human deaths. These retroviruses produce lifelong infections through viral proteins that interfere with host immunity. The complex retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) allows for studies of host-pathogen interactions not possible in humans. A mutation preventing expression of the MMTV Rem protein in two different MMTV strains decreased proviral...

    Gurvani B. Singh, Hyewon Byun, Almas F. Ali, Frank Medina, Dennis Wylie, Haridha Shivram, Andrea K. Nash, Mary M. Lozano, Jaquelin P. Dudley
  • Open Access
    Infection of B Cell Follicle-Resident Cells by Friend Retrovirus Occurs during Acute Infection and Is Maintained during Viral Persistence
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Infection of B Cell Follicle-Resident Cells by Friend Retrovirus Occurs during Acute Infection and Is Maintained during Viral Persistence

    Human immunodeficiency virus is notorious for its ability to avoid clearance by therapeutic interventions, which is partly attributed to the establishment of reservoirs in latently infected cells and cells that reside in immunologically privileged B cell follicles. In the work presented here, we show that cells of the B cell follicle are equally infected by a simple mouse gammaretrovirus. Using fluorescently labeled Friend retrovirus,...

    Sonja Windmann, Lucas Otto, Camilla Patrizia Hrycak, Anna Malyshkina, Nadine Bongard, Paul David, Matthias Gunzer, Ulf Dittmer, Wibke Bayer
  • Open Access
    Effects of Friend Virus Infection and Regulatory T Cells on the Antigen Presentation Function of B Cells
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Effects of Friend Virus Infection and Regulatory T Cells on the Antigen Presentation Function of B Cells

    The primary role of B cells in immunity is considered the production of pathogen-specific antibodies, but another, less-well-studied, function of B cells is to present foreign antigens to T cells to stimulate their activation and proliferation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for CD8+ T cells, but DCs lose APC function when infected with Friend virus (FV), a model...

    Tyler C. Moore, Ronald J. Messer, Lorena M. Gonzaga, Jennifer M. Mather, Aaron B. Carmody, Wibke Bayer, Elisabeth Littwitz-Salomon, Ulf Dittmer, Kim J. Hasenkrug
  • Open Access
    Research Article
    Distinct Pathway of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Gag Punctum Biogenesis Provides New Insights into Enveloped Virus Assembly

    This report describes the results of experiments examining the pathway by which the human retroviral Gag protein is recruited to sites along the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane where Gag punctum biogenesis occurs. In particular, clever and sensitive experimental methods were devised to image in living cells fluorescently labeled Gag protein derivatives from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency...

    John P. Eichorst, Yan Chen, Joachim D. Mueller, Louis M. Mansky
  • Open Access
    Research Article
    B Cell Requirement for Robust Regulatory T Cell Responses to Friend Retrovirus Infection

    When infectious agents invade a host, numerous immunological mechanisms are deployed to limit their replication, neutralize their spread, and destroy the host cells harboring the infection. Since immune responses also have a strong capacity to damage host cells and tissues, their magnitude, potency, and duration are under regulatory control. Regulatory T cells are an important component of this control, and the mechanisms that induce...

    Tyler C. Moore, Lorena M. Gonzaga, Jennifer M. Mather, Ronald J. Messer, Kim J. Hasenkrug
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