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innate immunity

  • Open Access
    Biogeography of the Relationship between the Child Gut Microbiome and Innate Immune System
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Biogeography of the Relationship between the Child Gut Microbiome and Innate Immune System

    Both the gut microbiome and innate immunity are known to differ across biogeographically diverse human populations. The gut microbiome has been shown to directly influence systemic immunity in animal models.

    Nelly Amenyogbe, Pedro Dimitriu, Kinga K. Smolen, Eric M. Brown, Casey P. Shannon, Scott J. Tebbutt, Phillip J. Cooper, Arnaud Marchant, Tessa Goetghebuer, Monika Esser, Brett B. Finlay, Tobias R. Kollmann, William W. Mohn
  • Open Access
    Intracellular Density of <em>Wolbachia</em> Is Mediated by Host Autophagy and the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Gene <em>cifB</em> in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Drosophila melanogaster</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Intracellular Density of Wolbachia Is Mediated by Host Autophagy and the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Gene cifB in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner in Drosophila melanogaster

    Autophagy is a eukaryotic intracellular degradation pathway which can act as an innate immune response to eliminate pathogens. Conversely, pathogens can evolve proteins which modulate the autophagy pathway to subvert degradation and establish an infection. Wolbachia, a vertically transmitted obligate endosymbiont which infects up to 40% of insect species, is negatively regulated by autophagy in whole animals, but the specific...

    Mark Deehan, Weiwei Lin, Benjamin Blum, Andrew Emili, Horacio Frydman
  • Open Access
    Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism

    Animals and plants interact with microbes by engaging specific surveillance systems, regulatory networks, and response modules that allow for accommodation of mutualists and defense against antagonists. Antimicrobial defense responses are mediated in both animals and plants by innate immunity systems that owe their functional similarities to convergent evolution. Like animals and plants, fungi interact with bacteria. However, the...

    Olga A. Lastovetsky, Lev D. Krasnovsky, Xiaotian Qin, Maria L. Gaspar, Andrii P. Gryganskyi, Marcel Huntemann, Alicia Clum, Manoj Pillay, Krishnaveni Palaniappan, Neha Varghese, Natalia Mikhailova, Dimitrios Stamatis, T. B. K. Reddy, Chris Daum, Nicole Shapiro, Natalia Ivanova, Nikos Kyrpides, Tanja Woyke, Teresa E. Pawlowska
  • Open Access
    T4 Pili Promote Colonization and Immune Evasion Phenotypes of Nonencapsulated M4 <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Streptococcus pyogenes</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    T4 Pili Promote Colonization and Immune Evasion Phenotypes of Nonencapsulated M4 Streptococcus pyogenes

    Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a strict human pathogen causing more than 700 million infections globally each year. The majority of the disease-causing GAS are encapsulated, which greatly guarantees survival and dissemination in the host. Emergence of the capsule-negative GAS, such as M4 GAS, in recent epidemiologic surveillance alarms the necessity to elucidate the virulence determinants of these pathogens. Here, we found that...

    Yi-Hsuan Chen, Shao-Hui Li, Yao-Cheng Yang, Shu-Hao Hsu, Victor Nizet, Yung-Chi Chang
  • Open Access
    Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Promotes Macrophage Control of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Promotes Macrophage Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading infectious disease killer worldwide. We discovered that intracellular Mtb fails to grow in macrophages in which fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is blocked. Macrophages treated with FAO inhibitors rapidly generate a burst of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species, which promotes NADPH oxidase recruitment and autophagy...

    Pallavi Chandra, Li He, Matthew Zimmerman, Guozhe Yang, Stefan Köster, Mireille Ouimet, Han Wang, Kathyrn J. Moore, Véronique Dartois, Joel D. Schilling, Jennifer A. Philips
  • Open Access
    Upregulation of CD47 Is a Host Checkpoint Response to Pathogen Recognition
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Upregulation of CD47 Is a Host Checkpoint Response to Pathogen Recognition

    Immune responses to infectious agents are initiated when a pathogen or its components bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRR binding sets off a cascade of events that activates immune responses. We now show that, in addition to activating immune responses, PRR signaling also initiates an immunosuppressive response, probably to limit inflammation. The importance of the current findings is that blockade of immunomodulatory...

    Michal Caspi Tal, Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff, Lara Myers, Lamin B. Cham, Katrin D. Mayer-Barber, Andrea C. Bohrer, Ehydel Castro, Ying Ying Yiu, Cesar Lopez Angel, Ed Pham, Aaron B. Carmody, Ronald J. Messer, Eric Gars, Jens Kortmann, Maxim Markovic, Michaela Hasenkrug, Karin E. Peterson, Clayton W. Winkler, Tyson A. Woods, Paige Hansen, Sarah Galloway, Dhananjay Wagh, Benjamin J. Fram, Thai Nguyen, Daniel Corey, Raja Sab Kalluru, Niaz Banaei, Jayakumar Rajadas, Denise M. Monack, Aijaz Ahmed, Debashis Sahoo, Mark M. Davis, Jeffrey S. Glenn, Tom Adomati, Karl S. Lang, Irving L. Weissman, Kim J. Hasenkrug
  • Open Access
    NOD1/NOD2 and RIP2 Regulate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation during <em>Chlamydia</em> Infection
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    NOD1/NOD2 and RIP2 Regulate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation during Chlamydia Infection

    Understanding the initiation of the inflammatory response during Chlamydia infection is of public health importance given the impact of this disease on young women in the United States. Many young women are chronically infected with Chlamydia but are asymptomatic and therefore do not seek treatment, leaving them at risk of long-term reproductive harm due to inflammation in response to infection. Our manuscript explores...

    Oanh H. Pham, Bokyung Lee, Jasmine Labuda, A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder, Mariana X. Byndloss, Renée M. Tsolis, Stephen J. McSorley
  • Open Access
    APOBEC3C Tandem Domain Proteins Create Super Restriction Factors against HIV-1
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    APOBEC3C Tandem Domain Proteins Create Super Restriction Factors against HIV-1

    As a part of the innate immune system, humans encode proteins that inhibit viruses such as HIV-1. These broadly acting antiviral proteins do not protect humans from viral infections because viruses encode proteins that antagonize the host antiviral proteins to evade the innate immune system. One such example of a host antiviral protein is APOBEC3C (A3C), which weakly inhibits HIV-1. Here, we show that we can improve the antiviral...

    Mollie M. McDonnell, Kate H. D. Crawford, Adam S. Dingens, Jesse D. Bloom, Michael Emerman
  • Open Access
    Nucleic Acid-Sensing Toll-Like Receptors Play a Dominant Role in Innate Immune Recognition of Pneumococci
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Nucleic Acid-Sensing Toll-Like Receptors Play a Dominant Role in Innate Immune Recognition of Pneumococci

    The pneumococcus is a bacterium that frequently causes infections in the lungs, ears, sinus cavities, and meninges. During these infections, body defenses are triggered by tissue-resident cells that use specialized receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), to sense the presence of bacteria. We show here that pneumococci are predominantly detected by TLRs that are located inside intracellular vacuoles, including endosomes, where...

    Agata Famà, Angelina Midiri, Giuseppe Mancuso, Carmelo Biondo, Germana Lentini, Roberta Galbo, Maria Miriam Giardina, Giuseppe Valerio De Gaetano, Letizia Romeo, Giuseppe Teti, Concetta Beninati
  • Open Access
    Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor 1 Protects against a Basal cGAS-STING Response
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor 1 Protects against a Basal cGAS-STING Response

    Although the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway is a key host mechanism to restrict infection of a diverse range of viral pathogens, its unrestrained activity either at baseline or in the context of an immune response can result in host cell damage and injury. Here, we used a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen and identified the DNA binding protein Barrier-to-autointegration factor 1 (Banf1) as a modulator of basal cell-intrinsic immunity....

    Hongming Ma, Wei Qian, Monika Bambouskova, Patrick L. Collins, Sofia I. Porter, Andrea K. Byrum, Rong Zhang, Maxim Artyomov, Eugene M. Oltz, Nima Mosammaparast, Jonathan J. Miner, Michael S. Diamond

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