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inflammation

  • Open Access
    <em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em> Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Fusobacterium nucleatum Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation

    Several studies have identified an increased abundance of Fusobacterium in the intestinal tracts of patients with colon cancer, liver cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, HIV infection, and alcoholism. However, the direct mechanism(s) of action of Fusobacterium on pathophysiological within the gastrointestinal tract is unclear.

    Melinda A. Engevik, Heather A. Danhof, Wenly Ruan, Amy C. Engevik, Alexandra L. Chang-Graham, Kristen A. Engevik, Zhongcheng Shi, Yanling Zhao, Colleen K. Brand, Evan S. Krystofiak, Susan Venable, Xinli Liu, Kendal D. Hirschi, Joseph M. Hyser, Jennifer K. Spinler, Robert A. Britton, James Versalovic
  • Open Access
    Recombinant ACE2 Expression Is Required for SARS-CoV-2 To Infect Primary Human Endothelial Cells and Induce Inflammatory and Procoagulative Responses
    Observation | Host-Microbe Biology
    Recombinant ACE2 Expression Is Required for SARS-CoV-2 To Infect Primary Human Endothelial Cells and Induce Inflammatory and Procoagulative Responses

    SARS-CoV-2 infects pulmonary epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors and causes ARDS. COVID-19 causes progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage and systemic coagulopathy, thrombosis, and capillary inflammation that tie alveolar responses to EC dysfunction.

    Jonas Nascimento Conde, William R. Schutt, Elena E. Gorbunova, Erich R. Mackow
  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through both Lipopolysaccharide and Flagellin
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through both Lipopolysaccharide and Flagellin

    Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), caused by infection with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is one of the most common cancers in AIDS patients. KS is a highly inflammatory tumor, but how KSHV infection induces inflammation remains unclear. We have previously shown that KSHV infection upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), sensitizing cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and...

    Ashley Markazi, Paige M. Bracci, Michael McGrath, Shou-Jiang Gao
  • Open Access
    Interleukin-1β Triggers p53-Mediated Downmodulation of CCR5 and HIV-1 Entry in Macrophages through MicroRNAs 103 and 107
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Interleukin-1β Triggers p53-Mediated Downmodulation of CCR5 and HIV-1 Entry in Macrophages through MicroRNAs 103 and 107

    Macrophages are heterogeneous immune cells that display varying susceptibilities to HIV-1 infection, in part due to the expression of small noncoding microRNAs involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression and silencing. Here, we identify microRNAs 103 and 107 as important p53-regulated effectors of the antiviral response triggered by the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in macrophages. These microRNAs, which are...

    Robert Lodge, Nicolas Bellini, Mélanie Laporte, Syim Salahuddin, Jean-Pierre Routy, Petronela Ancuta, Cecilia T. Costiniuk, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Éric A. Cohen
  • Open Access
    Pathogenesis of Human Papillomaviruses Requires the ATR/p62 Autophagy-Related Pathway
    Research Article | Molecular Biology and Physiology
    Pathogenesis of Human Papillomaviruses Requires the ATR/p62 Autophagy-Related Pathway

    High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect epithelial cells and induce viral genome amplification upon differentiation. HPV proteins activate the ATR DNA damage repair pathway, and this is required for HPV genome amplification. In the present study, we show that HPV-induced ATR activation also leads to suppression of expression of inflammatory response genes. This suppression results from HPV-induced phosphorylation of the...

    Shiyuan Hong, Yan Li, Paul J. Kaminski, Jorge Andrade, Laimonis A. Laimins
  • Open Access
    Could an Unrelated Live Attenuated Vaccine Serve as a Preventive Measure To Dampen Septic Inflammation Associated with COVID-19 Infection?
    Opinion/Hypothesis | Host-Microbe Biology
    Could an Unrelated Live Attenuated Vaccine Serve as a Preventive Measure To Dampen Septic Inflammation Associated with COVID-19 Infection?

    We propose the concept that administration of an unrelated live attenuated vaccine, such as MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), could serve as a preventive measure against the worst sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is mounting evidence that live attenuated vaccines provide nonspecific protection against lethal infections unrelated to the target pathogen of the vaccine by inducing “trained” nonspecific innate immune...

    Paul L. Fidel, Mairi C. Noverr
  • Open Access
    NOD1/NOD2 and RIP2 Regulate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation during <em>Chlamydia</em> Infection
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    NOD1/NOD2 and RIP2 Regulate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation during Chlamydia Infection

    Understanding the initiation of the inflammatory response during Chlamydia infection is of public health importance given the impact of this disease on young women in the United States. Many young women are chronically infected with Chlamydia but are asymptomatic and therefore do not seek treatment, leaving them at risk of long-term reproductive harm due to inflammation in response to infection. Our manuscript explores...

    Oanh H. Pham, Bokyung Lee, Jasmine Labuda, A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder, Mariana X. Byndloss, Renée M. Tsolis, Stephen J. McSorley
  • Open Access
    Immune Profiling To Predict Outcome of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> Infection
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Immune Profiling To Predict Outcome of Clostridioides difficile Infection

    Clostridioides difficile infection is the most common health care-associated infection in the United States with more than 20% patients experiencing symptomatic recurrence. The complex nature of host-bacterium interactions makes it difficult to predict the course of the disease based solely on clinical parameters. In the present study, we built a robust prediction...

    Mayuresh M. Abhyankar, Jennie Z. Ma, Kenneth W. Scully, Andrew J. Nafziger, Alyse L. Frisbee, Mahmoud M. Saleh, Gregory R. Madden, Ann R. Hays, Mendy Poulter, William A. Petri
  • Open Access
    Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cells Infiltrate to the Site of Infected Macrophages in the Neuroparenchyma of a Chronic Macaque Model of Neurological Complications of AIDS
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Memory CD4+ T Cells Infiltrate to the Site of Infected Macrophages in the Neuroparenchyma of a Chronic Macaque Model of Neurological Complications of AIDS

    While the use of combination antiretroviral therapy effectively suppresses systemic viral replication in the body, neurocognitive disorders as a result of HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) remain a clinical problem. Therefore, the use of nonhuman primate models is necessary to study mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. The neurotropic, molecular clone SIVsm804E-CL757 (CL757) results in neuroAIDS in 50% of infected rhesus...

    Cheri A. Lee, Erin Beasley, Karthikeyan Sundar, Margery Smelkinson, Carol Vinton, Claire Deleage, Kenta Matsuda, Fan Wu, Jake D. Estes, Bernard A. P. Lafont, Jason M. Brenchley, Vanessa M. Hirsch
  • Open Access
    EspFu-Mediated Actin Assembly Enhances Enteropathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> Adherence and Activates Host Cell Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    EspFu-Mediated Actin Assembly Enhances Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Adherence and Activates Host Cell Inflammatory Signaling Pathways

    EPEC is among the leading causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. The colonization of the gut mucosa by EPEC results in actin pedestal formation at the site of bacterial attachment. These pedestals are referred to as attaching and effacing (AE) lesions. Here, we exploit the different molecular mechanisms used by EPEC to induce AE lesions on epithelial cells, showing that the effector EspFu is associated with increased bacterial...

    Fernando H. Martins, Ashwani Kumar, Cecilia M. Abe, Eneas Carvalho, Milton Nishiyama-Jr, Chao Xing, Vanessa Sperandio, Waldir P. Elias

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