human immunodeficiency virus
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologyPotent Enhancement of HIV-1 Replication by Nef in the Absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5The Nef protein of HIV-1 and the unrelated glycoGag protein of a murine leukemia virus similarly prevent the uptake of antiviral host proteins called SERINC3 and SERINC5 into HIV-1 particles, which enhances their infectiousness. We now show that although both SERINC antagonists can in principle similarly enhance HIV-1 replication, glycoGag is unable to substitute for Nef in primary human cells and in a T cell line called MOLT-3. In MOLT...
Research Article | Molecular Biology and PhysiologyEntry of Polarized Effector Cells into Quiescence Forces HIV LatencyCurrent primary cell models for HIV latency correlate poorly with the reactivation behavior of patient cells. We have developed a new model, called QUECEL, which generates a large and homogenous population of latently infected CD4+ memory cells. By purifying HIV-infected cells and inducing cell quiescence with a defined cocktail of cytokines, we have eliminated the largest problems with previous primary cell models of HIV...
Research Article | Therapeutics and PreventionNovel Intersubunit Interaction Critical for HIV-1 Core Assembly Defines a Potentially Targetable Inhibitor Binding PocketPrecise assembly and disassembly of the HIV-1 capsid core are key to the success of viral replication. The forces that govern capsid core formation and dissociation involve intricate interactions between pentamers and hexamers formed by HIV-1 CA. We identified one particular interaction between E28 of one CA and K30′ of the adjacent CA that appears more frequently in pentamers than in hexamers and that is important for capsid assembly....
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologyRelationship between the Cervical Microbiome, HIV Status, and Precancerous LesionsHPV is known to be the causal agent in the majority of cervical cancers. However, the role of the cervical bacterial microbiome in cervical cancer is not clear. To investigate that possibility, we collected cervical cytobrush samples from 144 Tanzanian women and performed deep sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. We found that HIV-positive patients had greater bacterial richness (P = 0.01) than HIV-negative patients. We also...
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologyLow Postseroconversion CD4+ T-cell Level Is Associated with Faster Disease Progression and Higher Viral Evolutionary Rate in HIV-2 InfectionThe relationship between HIV evolution and disease progression is fundamental to our understanding of HIV immune control and vaccine design. There are no clear definitions for faster and slower HIV-2 disease progression and for the relationship of the rate of progression with HIV-2 evolution. To address the hypothesis that viral evolution is correlated with disease progression in HIV-2 infection, we determined faster and slower disease...
Research Article | Molecular Biology and PhysiologyStructural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected ConformationThe extraordinary ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to evade host immunity represents a major obstacle to the development of a protective vaccine. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms whereby HIV-1 protects its external envelope (Env), which is the sole target of virus-neutralizing antibodies, is an essential step toward vaccine design. We identified a key structural element that maintains the HIV-1 Env trimer in a...
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologyPosttranscriptional Regulation of HIV-1 Gene Expression during Replication and Reactivation from Latency by Nuclear Matrix Protein MATR3The life cycle of HIV-1 requires integration of a DNA copy into the genome of the host cell. Transcription of the viral genes generates RNAs that are exported to the cytoplasm with the contribution of viral and cellular factors to get translated or incorporated in the newly synthesized virions. It has been observed that highly effective antiretroviral therapy, which is able to reduce circulating virus to undetectable levels, cannot...
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologySplicing Factor 3B Subunit 1 Interacts with HIV Tat and Plays a Role in Viral Transcription and Reactivation from LatencyThe reason why HIV cannot be cured by current therapy is because of viral persistence in resting T cells. One approach to permanent HIV remission that has received less attention is the so-called “block and lock” approach. The idea behind this approach is that the virus could be permanently disabled in patients if viral genome or surrounding chromatin could be altered to silence the virus, thus enabling patients to stop therapy. In this...
Research Article | Host-Microbe BiologyHIV-1 Vpr Reprograms CLR4DCAF1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase to Antagonize Exonuclease 1-Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 InfectionHIV-1 polymerase reverse transcribes the viral RNA genome into imperfectly double-stranded proviral DNA, containing gaps and flaps, for integration into the host cell chromosome. HIV-1 reverse transcripts share characteristics with cellular DNA replication intermediates and are thought to be converted into fully double-stranded DNA by cellular postreplication DNA repair enzymes. Therefore, the finding that the HIV-1 accessory protein...
- Research ArticleInduction of HIF-1α by HIV-1 Infection in CD4+ T Cells Promotes Viral Replication and Drives Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Inflammation
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a very important global pathogen that preferentially targets CD4+ T cells and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. Although antiretroviral treatment efficiently suppresses viremia, markers of immune activation and inflammation remain higher in HIV-1-infected patients than in uninfected individuals. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a...