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COVID-19

  • Open Access
    The Balance of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Nuclease Degradation: an Unknown Role of Bacterial Coinfections in COVID-19 Patients?
    Perspective | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Balance of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Nuclease Degradation: an Unknown Role of Bacterial Coinfections in COVID-19 Patients?

    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is leading to public health crises worldwide. An understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of treatment strategies is of high interest. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as a potential driver of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. NETs are extracellular DNA fibers released by neutrophils after contact with various stimuli and...

    Nicole de Buhr, Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
  • Open Access
    Quantifying Absolute Neutralization Titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a Standardized Virus Neutralization Assay Allows for Cross-Cohort Comparisons of COVID-19 Sera
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Quantifying Absolute Neutralization Titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a Standardized Virus Neutralization Assay Allows for Cross-Cohort Comparisons of COVID-19 Sera

    Vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics like convalescent-phase plasma therapy are premised upon inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Virus neutralization assays (VNAs) for measuring neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) are an essential part of determining vaccine or therapeutic efficacy.

    Kasopefoluwa Y. Oguntuyo, Christian S. Stevens, Chuan Tien Hung, Satoshi Ikegame, Joshua A. Acklin, Shreyas S. Kowdle, Jillian C. Carmichael, Hsin-Ping Chiu, Kristopher D. Azarm, Griffin D. Haas, Fatima Amanat, Jéromine Klingler, Ian Baine, Suzanne Arinsburg, Juan C. Bandres, Mohammed N. A. Siddiquey, Robert M. Schilke, Matthew D. Woolard, Hongbo Zhang, COVIDAR Argentina Consortium, Andrew J. Duty, Thomas A. Kraus, Thomas M. Moran, Domenico Tortorella, Jean K. Lim, Andrea V. Gamarnik, Catarina E. Hioe, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Stanimir S. Ivanov, Jeremy P. Kamil, Florian Krammer, Benhur Lee
  • Open Access
    Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    COVID-19 has plagued the world since it was first identified in December 2019. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis were limited by various factors such as the usage of non-peer reviewed data and were also limited by the lack of clinical data on a global scale.

    Wern Hann Ng, Thomas Tipih, Nigel A. Makoah, Jan-G Vermeulen, Dominique Goedhals, Joseph B. Sempa, Felicity J. Burt, Adam Taylor, Suresh Mahalingam
  • Open Access
    Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Antibodies, and Neutralizing Capacity in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Antibodies, and Neutralizing Capacity in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19

    Results from prior studies assaying human milk for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19, have suggested milk may act as a potential vehicle for mother-to-child transmission. Most previous studies are limited because they followed only a few participants, were cross-sectional, and/or failed to report how milk was collected and/or analyzed.

    Ryan M. Pace, Janet E. Williams, Kirsi M. Järvinen, Mandy B. Belfort, Christina D. W. Pace, Kimberly A. Lackey, Alexandra C. Gogel, Phuong Nguyen-Contant, Preshetha Kanagaiah, Theresa Fitzgerald, Rita Ferri, Bridget Young, Casey Rosen-Carole, Nichole Diaz, Courtney L. Meehan, Beatrice Caffé, Mark Y. Sangster, David Topham, Mark A. McGuire, Antti Seppo, Michelle K. McGuire
  • Open Access
    Engineering a Reliable and Convenient SARS-CoV-2 Replicon System for Analysis of Viral RNA Synthesis and Screening of Antiviral Inhibitors
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Engineering a Reliable and Convenient SARS-CoV-2 Replicon System for Analysis of Viral RNA Synthesis and Screening of Antiviral Inhibitors

    COVID-19 has caused a severe global pandemic. Until now, there has been no simple and reliable system available in a lower-biosafety-grade laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 virologic research and inhibitor screening.

    Yuewen Luo, Fei Yu, Mo Zhou, Yang Liu, Baijin Xia, Xiantao Zhang, Jun Liu, Junsong Zhang, Yingying Du, Rong Li, Liyang Wu, Xu Zhang, Ting Pan, Deyin Guo, Tao Peng, Hui Zhang
  • Open Access
    SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variation in Space and Time in Hospitalized Patients in Philadelphia
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variation in Space and Time in Hospitalized Patients in Philadelphia

    Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 spreads globally and within infected individuals is critical to the development of mitigation strategies. We found that most lineages in Philadelphia had resembled sequences from New York, suggesting infection primarily but not exclusively from this location.

    John Everett, Pascha Hokama, Aoife M. Roche, Shantan Reddy, Young Hwang, Lyanna Kessler, Abigail Glascock, Yize Li, Jillian N. Whelan, Susan R. Weiss, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Kevin McCormick, Samantha A. Whiteside, Jevon Graham-Wooten, Layla A. Khatib, Ayannah S. Fitzgerald, Ronald G. Collman, Frederic Bushman
  • Open Access
    Stenoparib, an Inhibitor of Cellular Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, Blocks Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 Human Coronaviruses <em>In Vitro</em>
    Research Article | Therapeutics and Prevention
    Stenoparib, an Inhibitor of Cellular Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, Blocks Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 Human Coronaviruses In Vitro

    New therapeutics are urgently needed in the fight against COVID-19. Repurposing drugs that are either already approved for human use or are in advanced stages of the approval process can facilitate more rapid advances toward this goal.

    Nathan E. Stone, Sierra A. Jaramillo, Ashley N. Jones, Adam J. Vazquez, Madison Martz, Lora M. Versluis, Marlee O. Raniere, Haley E. Nunnally, Katherine E. Zarn, Roxanne Nottingham, Ken R. Ng, Jason W. Sahl, David M. Wagner, Steen Knudsen, Erik W. Settles, Paul Keim, Christopher T. French
  • Open Access
    Do an Altered Gut Microbiota and an Associated Leaky Gut Affect COVID-19 Severity?
    Perspective | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Do an Altered Gut Microbiota and an Associated Leaky Gut Affect COVID-19 Severity?

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been declared a pandemic, has exhibited a wide range of severity worldwide. Although this global variation is largely affected by socio-medical situations in each country, there is also high individual-level variation attributable to elderliness and certain underlying medical conditions, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity.

    Heenam Stanley Kim
  • Open Access
    Recombinant ACE2 Expression Is Required for SARS-CoV-2 To Infect Primary Human Endothelial Cells and Induce Inflammatory and Procoagulative Responses
    Observation | Host-Microbe Biology
    Recombinant ACE2 Expression Is Required for SARS-CoV-2 To Infect Primary Human Endothelial Cells and Induce Inflammatory and Procoagulative Responses

    SARS-CoV-2 infects pulmonary epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors and causes ARDS. COVID-19 causes progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage and systemic coagulopathy, thrombosis, and capillary inflammation that tie alveolar responses to EC dysfunction.

    Jonas Nascimento Conde, William R. Schutt, Elena E. Gorbunova, Erich R. Mackow
  • Open Access
    Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients
    Research Article | Therapeutics and Prevention
    Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients

    COVID-19 has presented various paradoxes that, if understood better, may provide clues to controlling the pandemic, even before a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available. First, young children are largely spared from severe disease. Second, numerous countries have COVID-19 death rates that are as low as 1% of the death rates of other countries. Third, many people, despite prolonged close contact with someone who is COVID-19 positive, never...

    Jeffrey E. Gold, William H. Baumgartl, Ramazan A. Okyay, Warren E. Licht, Paul L. Fidel, Mairi C. Noverr, Larry P. Tilley, David J. Hurley, Balázs Rada, John W. Ashford

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