DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01947-17
Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Conversion of glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) by bacterial glycerol/diol dehydratases (GDH) and major components of the reuterin system.
- FIG 2
Overview of the endogenous precursors, formation, and potential targets of acrolein in the gut.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Overview of endogenous sources of acrolein
Precursor(s) Class(es) Key mechanism(s) Reference Threonine Amino acids Myeloperoxidase, H2O2, Cl−1 3 Spermidine Polyamines Amine oxidase, retro-Michael-type cleavage 3 Polyunsaturated acids Lipoproteins/lipids Peroxidation 5 Cyclophosphamide Anticancer drugs Oxidative-ring opening 4 - TABLE 2
Targets and modes of action of acrolein and their consequences
Effects Mode of action Molecular event(s)a Reference Direct DNA mutation DNA adducts Conjugation of DNA bases 7 Protein dysfunction Amino acid adducts Conjugation of amino acids bearing an amine/thiol group 8 Indirect Apoptosis Mitochondrial dysfunction Mitochondrial membrane potential ↓, caspase 7/9↑, caspase 3↓ 9 Endoplasmic reticulum stress Immune and inflammatory responses NF-κB ↑, TNF-α ↑, IL-6 ↑, IL-8 ↑ 9 Intestinal barrier dysfunction Downregulation of tight junction proteins ZO-1 ↓, occludin ↓, claudin-1 ↓ 10 ↵a Arrows represent upregulation (↑) and downregulation (↓).
