Article Figures & Data
- FIG 1
Avian keratin disorder. (A) An unaffected BCCH. (B) BCCH 971 (beak length: 18.7 mm). (C) RBNH 929 (beak length: 29.7 mm). (B and C) Both 971 and 929 exhibit beak overgrowth characteristic of AKD.
- FIG 2
Poecivirus genome organization. (Top) Predicted genome organization. P1 (blue) represents viral structural proteins, and P2 (violet) and P3 (orange) represent nonstructural proteins. Predicted N-terminal cleavage sites are shown below the bar, and conserved picornaviral amino acid motifs are shown above it. (Middle) Number of reads from the metagenomic sequencing data set that support each base. (Bottom) Polyprotein homology between poecivirus and its closest relative, duck megrivirus, measured as the pairwise identity of a moving 15-amino-acid window.
- FIG 3
Phylogenetic tree of picornaviruses. (Top) Relationship between picornavirus polyproteins. Color indicates host taxa, with poecivirus highlighted in light red. TMEV, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. (Bottom) Detail of boxed portion of top tree showing the relationship between poecivirus and its closest relatives; numbers indicate the percentage of bootstrap support for a given branch.
- FIG 4
Viral tropism. Relative levels of viral RNA in different tissues from poecivirus-infected BCCH individuals were measured by qRT-PCR. Levels were normalized to levels of avian cellular RNA. Buccal and cloacal swabs were only tested for BCCH 970 and 971. gi, gastrointestinal.
- FIG 5
Histopathology of AKD. (A1 and B1) Gross beak morphology of BCCH 601 (unaffected by AKD) and 498 (AKD affected; beak length is 40.3 mm), respectively. (A2 and B2) Histopathology of the beaks of BCCH 601 (A2) and 498 (B2). The black box (B2) indicates an area of cytoplasmic vacuolization of cells; the nuclei of these cells show contour irregularities and areas surrounded by a rim of clear cytoplasm, creating an “owl eye” appearance.
- TABLE 1
Description and treatment of black-capped chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches, and Northwestern crows sampled
Species and specimena Yr AKD status Poecivirus present Beak length (mm) Beak appearance, histopathology NGSb Sample processing notes Elongated Crossed Normal, cellular-level hyperkeratosis BCCH 160 2001 Affected Yes 9.3 X Yes Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 263 2001 Affected Yes 9.3 X Yes 394 2001 Affected Yes 9.4 X Yes Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 449 2002 Affected Yes 9.5 X Yes Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 451 2002 Affected Yes 11 X Yes 478 2003 Affected Yes 21.1 X X Yes 498 2004 Affected Yes 40.3 X X Yes Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 600 2006 Affected Yes 8.1 X Yes 738 2010 Affected Yes 8 X Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 953 2014 Affected Yes 25.1 X X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 954 2014 Affected Yes 25.1 X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 955 2014 Affected Yes 23.1 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 956 2014 Affected Yes 8.7 X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 967 2015 Affected Yes 19.6 X X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 968 2015 Affected Yes 9.5 X X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 970 2015 Affected Yes 8.8 X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 971 2015 Affected Yes 18.7 X X Stored at 4°C overnight prior to processing for poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 972 2015 Affected Yes 15.7 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 973 2015 Affected Yes 9.0 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 183 1995 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 389 2001 Unaffected No 7 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 392 2001 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 401 2001 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 460 2003 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 473 2003 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 596 2007 Unaffected Yes 7 Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 601 2008 Unaffected Yes 7.4 Full Sanger sequencing of ORF 739 2010 Unaffected No 7.3 Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers RBNH 12 1999 Affected Yes 12.1 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 929 2012 Affected Yes 29.6 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers NOCR 674 2005 Affected Yes 36.3 X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers 848 2007 Affected Yes 33.1 X X Poecivirus detection using virus-specific primers
Supplemental Material
Table S1
Poecivirus-specific primers. Primer BCCHpic_1F and BCCHpic_9R, targeting the 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR, respectively, are not represented in the Sanger sequencing-validated poecivirus genome deposited in GenBank (accession number KU977108). Table S1, DOCX file, 0.01 MB.
Copyright © 2016 Zylberberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Additional Files
Supplementary Data
Supplementary Data
- Table st1, DOCX - Table st1, DOCX
