Article Figures & Data
- FIG 1
Selection coefficients as function of antibiotic concentrations during competition experiments between strains carrying the pUUH239.2 plasmid and susceptible strains at low levels of antibiotics and heavy metals. Competitions in the presence of tetracycline (A), trimethoprim (B), erythromycin (C), kanamycin (D), arsenite (E), and copper (F). Data can be found in Table S3 in the supplemental material. Standard deviations are indicated.
- FIG 2
Selection coefficients as a function of antibiotic and heavy metal concentrations during competition experiments between resistant strains carrying the pUUH239.2 plasmid and susceptible plasmid-free strains. (A) Competitions in the presence of combinations of trimethoprim and erythromycin. The total normalized concentration is the sum of the two normalized concentrations, where the concentration of each compound was first normalized to its respective MSC. Data can be found in Table S4 in the supplemental material. (B) Competitions in the presence of combinations of arsenic and tetracycline. These competitions were performed in LB medium, explaining why the selection coefficients of tetracycline in this experiment were different from the values in Fig. 1A, where Mueller-Hinton medium was used. Data can be found in Table S5. The differences in MSC with and without arsenic were significant (P value = 0.0001 in a paired t test). (C) Competitions in the presence of combinations of arsenic, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. The total normalized concentration is the sum of all normalized concentrations, where the concentration of each compound was first normalized to its respective MSC. Data can be found in Table S6. Standard deviations are indicated.
- FIG 3
Selection coefficients as function of antibiotic concentrations during competition experiments between strains carrying chromosomally carried resistance genes and susceptible strains at low levels of antibiotics. Competitions in the presence of tetracycline (A), trimethoprim (B), and erythromycin (C). Data can be found in Table S7 in the supplemental material. Standard deviations are indicated.
- TABLE 1
Strains and genotypes
Strain Genotype Source or reference DA5438 E. coli MG1655 wild type (parent) Strain collection DA25916 /pUUH239.2 This study DA26735 ΔlacIZYA::FRT galK::mTagBFP2-amp This study DA26736 ΔlacIZYA::FRT galK::SYFP2-amp This study DA26737 ΔlacIZYA::FRT galK::mTagBFP2-amp/pUUH239.2 ΔtraJ::cat This study DA26738 ΔlacIZYA::FRT galK::SYFP2-amp/pUUH239.2 ΔtraJ::cat This study DA28200 galK::SYFP2-FRT This study DA28202 galK::mTagBFP2-FRT This study DA28893 galK::SYFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::FRT This study DA28895 galK::mTagBFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::FRT This study DA28702 galK::SYFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::dhfr This study DA28704 galK::mTagBFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::dhfr This study DA28706 galK::SYFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::mph This study DA28708 galK::mTagBFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::mph This study DA28759 galK::SYFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::tetRA This study DA28761 galK::mTagBFP2-FRT ΔbglGFB::tetRA This study - TABLE 2
MICs, MSCs, and relative fitness values for the different strains useda
Strain Resistance Fitness Arsenite Cu(II) sulfate Tet Trm Ery Kan MSC (µM) MIC (µM) MSC (ng/ml) MIC (ng/ml) MSC (ng/ml) MIC (ng/ml) MSC (ng/ml) MIC (ng/ml) MSC (µg/ml) MIC (µg/ml) MSC (µg/ml) MIC (µg/ml) DA5438 None (wt) 1.0 NA 12,500 NA 1,300 NA 750 NA 190 NA 12 NA 0.75 DA25916 pUUH239.2 0.96 90 25,000 90 >80,000 45 24,000 33 >32,000 3 96 0.47 24 DA28759 tetRA 0.99 NA NA NA NA 30 48,000 NA NA NA NA NA NA DA28702 dhfr 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA <2 >32,000 NA NA NA NA DA28706 mph 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA <0.2 >256 NA NA ↵a Abbreviations: MSC, minimal selective concentration; Tet, tetracycline; Trm, trimethoprim; Ery, erythromycin; Kan, kanamycin; NA, not applicable; wt, wild type.
Supplemental Material
Table S1
Costs of fluorescence markers. Table S1, XLSX file, 0.04 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S3
Data for Fig. 1. Table S3, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Figure S1
Competitions with low initial fractions of resistant bacteria. Competition experiments at different concentrations of arsenite and different starting fractions of resistant bacteria carrying the pUUH239.2 plasmid. (A) Initial ratio of susceptible to resistant mutants, 10:1. (B) Initial ratio of susceptible to resistant mutants, 100:1. Data can be found in Table S8. Standard deviations are indicated. Download Figure S1, TIF file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S4
Data for Fig. 2A. Table S4, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S5
Data for Fig. 2B. Table S5, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S6
Data for Fig. 2C. Table S6, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S7
Data for Fig. 3. Table S7, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S9
Summary of whole-genome sequencing data. Table S9, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S2
Primers used in this study. Table S2, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Table S8
Data for Fig. S1. Table S8, DOCX file, 0.04 MB.
Copyright © 2014 Gullberg et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Additional Files
Supplementary Data
Supplementary Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Figure sf1, TIF - Figure sf1, TIF
- Table st1, XLSX - Table st1, XLSX
- Table st2, DOCX - Table st2, DOCX
- Table st3, DOCX - Table st3, DOCX
- Table st4, DOCX - Table st4, DOCX
- Table st5, DOCX - Table st5, DOCX
- Table st6, DOCX - Table st6, DOCX
- Table st7, DOCX - Table st7, DOCX
- Table st8, DOCX - Table st8, DOCX
- Table st9, DOCX - Table st9, DOCX
