Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Latest Articles
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • Topics
    • Applied and Environmental Science
    • Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    • Ecological and Evolutionary Science
    • Host-Microbe Biology
    • Molecular Biology and Physiology
    • Therapeutics and Prevention
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About mBio
    • Editor in Chief
    • Board of Editors
    • AAM Fellows
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
mBio
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Latest Articles
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • Topics
    • Applied and Environmental Science
    • Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    • Ecological and Evolutionary Science
    • Host-Microbe Biology
    • Molecular Biology and Physiology
    • Therapeutics and Prevention
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About mBio
    • Editor in Chief
    • Board of Editors
    • AAM Fellows
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
Research Article

Evidence of Extensive DNA Transfer between Bacteroidales Species within the Human Gut

Michael J. Coyne, Naamah Levy Zitomersky, Abigail Manson McGuire, Ashlee M. Earl, Laurie E. Comstock
John Mekalanos, Editor
Michael J. Coyne
aDivision of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Naamah Levy Zitomersky
bDivision of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Abigail Manson McGuire
cBroad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ashlee M. Earl
cBroad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Laurie E. Comstock
aDivision of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
John Mekalanos
Harvard Medical School
Roles: Editor
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01305-14
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Tables
  • Supplemental Material
  • Additional Files
  • FIG 1 
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG 1 

    Comparisons of regions 1 to 5 in the three or four genomes containing these MGEs. Differences between strains for each region following sequencing to resolve Ns are shown. The remaining SNPs displayed were not tested by sequencing and represent the original genome sequence for each isolate. The positions of IS and RE in regions 1 and 2 are shown with the corresponding sizes of these elements.

  • FIG 2 
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG 2 

    Open reading frame (ORF) maps of regions 1 to 5. Regions are oriented so that the majority of the tra genes (red) read left to right. The letter above the red genes indicates the particular tra gene. An open reading frame map, excluding variable IS and RE, is shown for each region, with the locations of IS and RE indicated. Genes encoding selective orthologous proteins present in each region are color coded as indicated above. Genes comprising the type VI secretion system (T6SS) of region 2 are shown (blue). The 24,866-bp region 1 (boxed) and the 17,607-bp region 3 (boxed) are extended to show the likely extent of the MGEs that were transferred between strains.

  • FIG 3 
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG 3 

    Likely extent of the MGEs containing regions 1 and 3. Boxed regions are the extent of regions 1 and 3 identified by the indicated BLAST criteria. (A) Expansion of region 1 in two of the three genomes. (B) Expansion of region 3 based on smaller matching scaffolds in each of the two genomes that are noncontiguous with the region from P. merdae.

  • FIG 4 
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG 4 

    ORF map of portion of region 2, encoding a putative T6SS. Genes encoding proteins characteristic of or commonly associated with T6SS are color coded as indicated below. These designations are based on the analyses as outlined in Table S6 in the supplemental material. The putative functions of all gene products encoded by the genes shown here are included in Table S6.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Supplemental Material
  • Additional Files
  • TABLE 1 

    Composition of natural Bacteroidales communities and identification of highly similar regions in strains coresident in a gut microbial ecosystem

    Microbial ecosystem, organismaNo. of contigsGenome size (bp)CL02 region (size [bp])b:CL03 region (size [bp])b:CRISPR/Cas systemc
    1 (24,866)2 (116,095)3 (17,607)4 (60,734)5 (42,545)6 (44,124)
    CL02
        B. cellulosilyticus CL02T12C19257,678,000✓✓Type I
        B. dorei CL02T12C06215,997,310✓✓Type I
        B. nordii CL02T12C05105,707,590None
        B. ovatus CL02T12C04157,880,760None
        B. salyersiae CL02T12C0175,781,840✓✓Type I, III
        P. goldsteinii CL02T12C30146,690,360Type I
        P. johnsonii CL02T12C2964,613,500✓None
    CL03
        B. caccae CL03T12C6165,479,120✓None
        B. dorei CL03T12C01205,387,250Type I
        B. fragilis CL03T12C0775,214,030✓✓Type II, III
        B. ovatus CL03T12C18196,972,150+/−+/−✓None
        B. uniformis CL03T12C37144,890,740✓✓Type II
        B. xylanisolvens CL03T12C04136,056,100✓✓✓None
        P. distasonis CL03T12C0955,055,860✓Type I, II
        P. merdae CL03T12C32134,918,050✓✓None
    • ↵a All species belong to Bacteroides or Parabacteroides.

    • ↵b ✓, the region is present in the organism; +/−, a large, yet partial segment of the region was identified at >99.9%.

    • ↵c Type(s) of CRISPR/Cas systems present in the organism.

  • TABLE 2 

    BLAST output of regions 1 to 6 against the databasea

    BLAST targetb% IdentitycAlignment lengthNo. of:QueryTargetAccession no.
    MMdGapsStartEndStartEnd
    Query—CL02 region 1
        B. salyersiae CL02T12C01100.0022,005001,23423,2381,381,6061,403,610NZ_JH724307.1
        B. cellulosilyticus CL02T12C19100.0022,005001,23423,2385,32127,325NZ_JH724088.1
        B. dorei CL02T12C0699.9917,671107,19624,866530,799548,469NZ_JH724135.1
        B. eggerthii DSM 2069799.7824,8782510124,866622,697647,557NZ_DS995509.1
        B. plebeius DSM 1713597.9910,412200910,54320,946174,332184,742NZ_DS990131.1
        B. fragilis 3_1_1295.0513,6056154511,28624,8661,817,6951,804,125NZ_EQ973213.1
    Query—CL02 region 2
        B. dorei CL02T12C06100.00109,844216,257116,0951,017,432907,589NZ_JH724134.1
        B. salyersiae CL02T12C01100.00109,844416,257116,095567,507677,350NZ_JH724309.1
        P. johnsonii CL02T12C29100.0055,26202155,262109,000164,259NZ_JH976468.1
    100.0053,6502162,451116,095178,109231,758NZ_JH976468.1
        B. cellulosilyticus CL02T12C19100.0059,40220159,042290,506231,465NZ_JH724088.1
    99.9913,3391059,00272,340231,364218,026NZ_JH724088.1
    100.0012,3030075,23387,535214,881202,579NZ_JH724088.1
    100.0028,5601087,536116,095202,478173,919NZ_JH724088.1
        B. ovatus CL02T12C0499.5558,0862632758,035116,0955,69763,752NZ_JH724231.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain 3_2_598.7133,02342641233,0102,030,8842,063,856NZ_JH636044.1
    97.7924,597543934,62859,2212,065,2642,089,854NZ_JH636044.1
    Query—CL03 region 3
        B. uniformis CL03T12C37100.0017,60700117,6079617,702NZ_JH724271.1
        P. merdae CL03T12C32100.0017,60700117,607142,174159,780NZ_JH976456.1
        B. dorei CL03T12C01100.0017,60700117,60717,6071NZ_JH724164.1
        B. eggerthii 1_2_48FAA98.5317,6142457117,60730,38847,994NZ_AKBX01000010.1
        B. plebeius DSM 1713598.4817,61525013217,60730,51648,121NZ_DS990120.2
        B. intestinalis DSM 1739398.5016,77223612216,76617,24534,007NZ_ABJL02000003.1
    Query—CL03 region 4
        B. fragilis CL03T12C07100.0060,73400160,734285,831346,564NZ_JH724182.1
        P. distasonis CL03T12C09100.0060,73400160,7342,432,0902,492,823NZ_JH976495.1
        B. xylanisolvens CL03T12C04100.0060,73420160,7342,000,6961,939,963NZ_JH724294.1
        B. ovatus CL03T12C18100.0044,00820144,00831,39975,406NZ_JH724250.1
    100.0016,7260044,00860,733215,190231,915NZ_JH724243.1
        B. fragilis NCTC 934399.2038,3652891722,37860,7332,040,4152,078,771NC_003228.3
    99.6315,4105521,80117,2092,017,1332,032,541NC_003228.3
        B. helcogenes P 36-10899.6015,4235831,80117,221230,238245,659NC_014933.1
        B. uniformis ATCC 849295.5016,9066525330,50247,366215,548198,710NZ_DS362247.1
    Query—CL03 region 5
        B. xylanisolvens CL03T12C04100.0042,54500142,5451,171,6971,214,241NZ_JH724294.1
        B. fragilis CL03T12C07100.0042,54500142,545457,382414,838NZ_JH724184.1
        B. uniformis CL03T12C37100.0042,54520142,545725,544768,088NZ_JH724268.1
        B. ovatus CL03T12C18100.0028,9671013,57842,544205,601176,635NZ_JH724243.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain 3_1_2396.5018,4685615016,31434,7402,449,8652,431,442NZ_GG774949.1
        B. finegoldii DSM 1756596.6017,6114975717,19234,74029,06046,630NZ_GG688325.1
        B. salyersiae DSM 1876597.0316,9784423517,79034,740554,600537,659NZ_KB905466.1
    Query—CL03 region 6
        B. xylanisolvens CL03T12C04100.0044,12400144,124388,361344,238NZ_JH724296.1
        P. merdae CL03T12C32100.0026,81700126,817204,214231,030NZ_JH976457.1
    100.0016,7010027,42444,124236,576253,276NZ_JH976457.1
        B. ovatus CL03T12C18100.0012,58300112,583530,345542,927NZ_JH724241.1
    100.0023,7111012,58436,294545,391569,101NZ_JH724241.1
        B. eggerthii DSM 20697100.0044,12400144,124159,910204,033NZ_DS995511.1
        P. merdae CL09T00C40100.0044,12400144,124372,514416,637NZ_JH976526.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain 3_1_19100.0044,12400144,124180,923225,046NZ_GG774763.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain D22100.0044,12400144,12456,078100,201NZ_GG774819.1
        Alistipes sp. strain HGB5100.0044,12400144,12466,384110,507NZ_AENZ01000040.1
        Alistipes onderdonkii DSM 19147100.0044,12410144,12455,38611,263NZ_KB894552.1
        B. intestinalis DSM 17393100.0044,12401144,124456,857412,735NZ_ABJL02000006.1
        B. stercoris ATCC 43183100.0044,12420144,124103,16859,045NZ_DS499672.1
        P. merdae ATCC 43184100.0044,12411144,12473,390117,512NZ_DS264518.1
        B. fragilis YCH46 DNA100.0044,12411144,124163,822119,700NC_006347.1
    • ↵a All variant IS and RE were removed from query sequences. Boldface indicates strains from a natural ecosystem.

    • ↵b All species belong to Bacteroides or Parabacteroides, unless otherwise indicated.

    • ↵c % Identity was rounded to the closest hundredth of a percent.

    • d MM, mismatches.

  • TABLE 3 

    BLAST output of three unique regions from the mock communities against the databasea

    BLAST query (accession no.:position), targetb% IdentitycAlignment lengthNo. of:QueryTargetAccession no.
    MMdGapsStartEndStartEnd
    Query—B. stercoris ATCC 43183  (NZ_DS499676.1:176961–207558)
        B. stercoris ATCC 43183100.0030,59800130,598176,961207,558NZ_DS499676.1
        B. vulgatus PC51099.9630,599102130,59830,5971NZ_ADKO01000036.1
        B. uniformis ATCC 849299.9530,60293130,598176,746207,345NZ_DS362245.1
        B. cellulosilyticus CL02T12C1999.8013,767233113,764624,314610,549NZ_JH724089.1
        B. vulgatus ATCC 848299.6625,4967610125,4912,046,6252,021,136NC_009614.1
        P. merdae ATCC 4318499.6125,5008312125,491117,63992,147NZ_DS264524.1
    Query—B. fragilis HMW 616  (NZ_JH815527.1:1–13248)
        B. fragilis HMW 616100.0013,24800113,248113,248NZ_JH815527.1
    100.0013,24800113,24880,75067,503NZ_JH815526.1
        P. merdae ATCC 4318499.9913,24810113,248356,073342,826NZ_DS264540.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain 4_3_47FAA99.9913,24810113,248561,549548,302NZ_JH114362.1
        B. coprocola DSM 1713689.098,440800874,87513,2488,64417,028NZ_DS981488.1
        B. plebeius DSM 1713589.098,440800874,87513,248241,574249,958NZ_DS990119.1
        B. finegoldii CL09T03C1086.885,349638467,93513,24882,42177,102NZ_JH951901.1
    Query—B. faecis MAJ27  (NZ_AGDG01000049.1:1–12502)
        B. faecis MAJ27100.0012,50200112,502112,502NZ_AGDG01000049.1
        B. plebeius DSM 1713599.9812,50220112,50228,01915,518NZ_DS990120.2
        B. intestinalis DSM 1739399.9812,50221112,50214,7482,248NZ_ABJL02000003.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain D2299.8712,50204112,50235,21022,725NZ_GG774809.1
        P. merdae CL03T12C3298.718,73111216039,333139,124130,395NZ_JH976456.1
        Bacteroides sp. strain 9_1_42FAA98.679,24112012,51211,75225,55234,789NZ_EQ973174.1
    • ↵a Boldface indicates strains from a natural ecosystem.

    • ↵b All species belong to Bacteroides or Parabacteroides.

    • ↵c % Identity was rounded to the closest hundredth of a percent.

    • d MM, mismatches.

  • TABLE 4 

    Numbers of various products encoded by the five intracommunity-transferred regions

    Putative categoryPutative assignment/function of gene productsNo. of products in:
    CL02 region:CL03 region:
    12345
    Conjugative transfer machineryTraD (coupling protein)11111
    TraG1111
    TraJ1111
    TraK11111
    TraM11111
    TraN11111
    TraO11
    RecombinasesSerine site-specific recombinases211
    Tyrosine site-specific recombinases/integrases122
    Element transfer/partitioning/segregationTOPRIM-like, DUF3991211
    TOPRIM primase111
    Excisionase11
    Single-stranded-DNA-binding protein family32
    ATPases—chromosome partitioning/CobQ/CobB/MinD/  ParA nucleotide binding11111
    PRTRC system ParB family111
    Chromosome segregation protein SMC11
    Relaxase/mobilization nuclease111
    Other common proteins/domainsRibD C-terminal domain, dihydrofolate reductase111
    DUF409911111
    DUF4133111
    DUF4134111
    DUF3408111
    PH domain protein111
    Transcriptional regulation/DNA bindingRteC family11
    TetR family111
    Other transcriptional regulator211
    Other helix-turn-helix domain DNA-binding proteins1141
    Selfish genes/element survivalPutative toxin11121
    Putative antitoxin /immunity protein12141
    Anti-restriction protein11111
    DNA methylase13
    Potential fitness genesFimbria synthesis2
    MACPF domain containing1
    M23 peptidase family231
    Type VI secretion system (T6SS)✓a
    • ↵a ✓, the region is present in the organism.

Supplemental Material

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Additional Files
  • Table S1

    PCR primers used to elucidate DNA sequences of segments containing Ns. Table S1, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  • Table S2

    Characteristics of insertion sequences (IS) and retroelements (RE) present in regions 1 to 5. Each IS or RE element listed is different and shares little if any DNA homology to the other IS or RE listed. A pound sign (#) in a genome refers to additional copies not including the copy in the specified region. Table S2, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  • Table S3

    Human gut Bacteroidales strains used to compile the mock communities. Table S3, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  • Table S4

    Presence in 1,000 mock Bacteroidales communities of highly similar sequences with no or few other highly similar matches in the database. Table S4, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  • Table S5

    Putative annotations and motifs of the proteins encoded within regions 1 to 5. The genes with colored text correspond to the color coding shown in Fig. 2. Table S5, XLSX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  • Table S6

    Assignments of proteins encoded within a putative type VI secretion system of region 2 based on motif and homology/structure analyses (HHpred). Table S6, XLSX file, 0.1 MB.

    Copyright © 2014 Coyne et al.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Additional Files

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Supplemental Material
  • Supplementary Data

    Supplementary Data

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Table st1, DOCX - Table st1, DOCX
    • Table st2, DOCX - Table st2, DOCX
    • Table st3, DOCX - Table st3, DOCX
    • Table st4, DOCX - Table st4, DOCX
    • Table st5, XLSX - Table st5, XLSX
    • Table st6, XLSX - Table st6, XLSX
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
Evidence of Extensive DNA Transfer between Bacteroidales Species within the Human Gut
Michael J. Coyne, Naamah Levy Zitomersky, Abigail Manson McGuire, Ashlee M. Earl, Laurie E. Comstock
mBio Jun 2014, 5 (3) e01305-14; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01305-14

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this mBio article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Evidence of Extensive DNA Transfer between Bacteroidales Species within the Human Gut
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from mBio
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in mBio.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Evidence of Extensive DNA Transfer between Bacteroidales Species within the Human Gut
Michael J. Coyne, Naamah Levy Zitomersky, Abigail Manson McGuire, Ashlee M. Earl, Laurie E. Comstock
mBio Jun 2014, 5 (3) e01305-14; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01305-14
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • INTRODUCTION
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About mBio
  • Editor in Chief
  • Board of Editors
  • AAM Fellows
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Author Warranty
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #mBio

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Online ISSN: 2150-7511