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Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology

The Small RNA Teg41 Regulates Expression of the Alpha Phenol-Soluble Modulins and Is Required for Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus

Rachel L. Zapf, Richard E. Wiemels, Rebecca A. Keogh, Donald L. Holzschu, Kayla M. Howell, Emily Trzeciak, Andrew R. Caillet, Kellie A. King, Samantha A. Selhorst, Michael J. Naldrett, Jeffrey L. Bose, Ronan K. Carroll
Nancy E. Freitag, Editor
Rachel L. Zapf
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Richard E. Wiemels
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Rebecca A. Keogh
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Donald L. Holzschu
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Kayla M. Howell
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Emily Trzeciak
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Andrew R. Caillet
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Kellie A. King
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Samantha A. Selhorst
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Michael J. Naldrett
bProteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Jeffrey L. Bose
cDepartment of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Ronan K. Carroll
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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  • ORCID record for Ronan K. Carroll
Nancy E. Freitag
University of Illinois at Chicago
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02484-18
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  • FIG 1
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    FIG 1

    The Teg41 locus in S. aureus. Teg41 is located 203 bp downstream of, and divergently transcribed from, the αPSM operon. The ndhF gene is located 85 bp downstream of Teg41 and is transcribed in the same orientation. The Teg41 annotation is based on previously published data (11).

  • FIG 2
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    FIG 2

    Overproduction of Teg41 leads to increased hemolytic activity in S. aureus. (A) Hemolytic activity of S. aureus cells in human blood is increased upon Teg41 overproduction. Human blood samples were inoculated with S. aureus containing a vector control (wild-type [WT] pMK4) or Teg41-overproducing plasmid (WT pMK4_Teg41). At the time points indicated, the degree of hemolytic activity was determined. No difference in hemolysis was observed at early time points; however, a significant difference was observed at 4 h and 5 h postinoculation. No difference in bacterial numbers was detected at any of the time points. The strain background was TCH1516. (B) Hemolytic activity of cell-free S. aureus 15-h culture supernatants is increased upon Teg41 overproduction. The strain background was TCH1516. (C) Overproduction of Teg41 results in an increase in hemolytic activity in cell-free 15-h culture supernatants in various wild-type S. aureus backgrounds. Hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain containing the vector control (WT pMK4) is set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of the Teg41-overproducing strain (WT pMK4_Teg41) is indicated as a percentage. All statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated by bars and asterisks as follows: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.005.

  • FIG 3
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    FIG 3

    Teg41 does not encode a hemolytic peptide. (A) The Teg41 DNA sequence is shown with the potential ORF highlighted in pink. (B) Translation of Teg41 ORF. A 24-amino-acid peptide is potentially encoded. (C) Expression of Teg41 in S. epidermidis does not result in increased hemolytic activity. Hemolytic activity in S. aureus strain JE2 is shown as a positive control (set at 100%), and the relative hemolytic activity of S. epidermidis strains is indicated.

  • FIG 4
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    FIG 4

    Teg41 overproduction leads to an increase in αPSM-dependent hemolysis. (A) Overproduction of Teg41 leads to a significant increase in hemolysis in the wild-type background (WT pMK4 compared to WT pMK4_Teg41); however, overproduction of Teg41 in an αPSM mutant (psmα pMK4_Teg41) does not result in increased hemolytic activity compared to the αPSM mutant with the vector control (psmα pMK4). The strain background was JE2. (B) Overproduction of Teg41 leads to a significant increase in hemolysis in the wild-type background (WT pMK4 compared to WT pMK4_Teg41). A similar increase in hemolytic activity is observed upon overproduction of Teg41 in an hla mutant (hla pMK4 compared to hla pMK4_Teg41). The strain background was AH1263. Hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain containing the vector control (WT pMK4) is set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of all other strains is indicated as a percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.005; ns, not significant.

  • FIG 5
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    FIG 5

    Overproduction of Teg41 leads to increased αPSM levels. (A) Hemolytic activity of S. aureus culture supernatants prior to butanol extraction. No difference in hemolytic activity was observed for strains with and without the vector plasmid. Overproduction of Teg41 leads to a significant increase in hemolysis in the wild-type background (WT pMK4 compared to WT pMK4_Teg41) but not in the αPSM mutant (psmα pMK4 compared to psmα pMK4_Teg41). (B) Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of butanol extracts. A band corresponding in size to the PSMs was observed in all strains. Bands of similar intensities were observed in the wild-type strain with and without the empty vector. A band with increased intensity was observed in the wild-type strain overproducing Teg41. An overall decrease in PSM levels was observed in the αPSM mutant, which did not vary upon overproduction of Teg41. (C) Hemolytic activity of butanol-extracted peptides. Butanol-extracted samples were dissolved in water and used in human blood hemolysis assays. A similar result was obtained to that shown in panel A (using culture supernatants), indicating that the hemolysin responsible was purified during the butanol extraction process. Hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain containing the vector control (WT pMK4) is set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of all other strains is indicated as a percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *, P < 0.05; ns, not significant. The strain background was JE2.

  • FIG 6
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    FIG 6

    The 3′ end of Teg41 is required for hemolytic activity. (A and B) In silico analysis predicts an interaction between the 3′ end of Teg41 (nucleotides 183 to 194; colored purple) and a region of the αPSM transcript downstream of the PSMα4 translation start site (nucleotides 376 to 388; colored red). (A) The αPSM-Teg41 locus. The regions of each transcript predicted to interact are boxed. (B) Predicted interaction between the αPSM transcript (red) and Teg41 (purple). Canonical RNA-RNA base pairs are indicated by vertical lines; noncanonical base pairing is indicated by colons. (C) Hemolytic activity of S. aureus culture supernatants is significantly reduced in the Teg41Δ3′ strain. A 10-fold reduction in hemolytic activity was observed in culture supernatants from the Teg41Δ3′ strain. Hemolysis was restored to wild-type levels by introducing full-length Teg41 on a plasmid (Teg41Δ3′ pMK4_Teg41). Hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain is set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of the other strains is indicated as a percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test (**, P < 0.01; ns, not significant). (D) PSM levels are significantly reduced in the Teg41Δ3′ strain. Culture supernatants from panel C were butanol extracted and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A reduction in PSM peptide levels was observed in the Teg41Δ3′ strain. Expressing full-length Teg41 from a plasmid in the Teg41Δ3′ strain (Teg41Δ3′ pMK4_Teg41) resulted in an increase in PSM production. The strain background was AH1263.

  • FIG 7
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    FIG 7

    Teg41 contributes to virulence in S. aureus. Wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ strain were inoculated subcutaneously into groups of 12 mice. (A and B) Abscess size (A) and the number of bacteria present in abscesses (CFU/gram) (B) was determined following a 7-day infection period. A 4.2-fold reduction in abscess size and a 302-fold reduction in bacterial numbers was observed in the abscesses of mice infected with Teg41Δ3′ compared to those infected with the wild-type strain. (C) After histopathological staining, the abscesses of mice infected with the wild-type strain displayed a large amount of infiltrating inflammation-associated leukocytes (stained purple) and necrotic muscle tissue (stained pink). (D) In contrast, mice infected with Teg41Δ3′ displayed abscesses with a low population of leukocytes and intact muscle tissue with no necrotic areas. All pictures were taken at a magnification of ×20. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t test (***, P < 0.005; ****, P < 0.001). The strain background was AH1263.

  • FIG 8
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    FIG 8

    The Teg41Δ3′ strain demonstrates decreased rabbit erythrocyte lysis. Compared to the wild type, Teg41Δ3′ displays decreased lysis of rabbit erythrocytes after a 5-min incubation at 37°C. Although significant, the reduction in hemolytic activity was not as pronounced as in an hla mutant strain. Hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain (WT) is set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of all other strains is indicated as a percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ***, P < 0.005. The strain background was AH1263.

  • FIG 9
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    FIG 9

    The 3′ end of Teg41 is necessary and sufficient for S. aureus hemolytic activity. (A) Expression of truncated Teg41 (pMK4_Teg41_5) does not result in an increase in hemolytic activity in either the wild-type or Teg41Δ3′ strain compared to empty vector (pMK4) controls or strains without plasmids. (B) Overexpression of full-length Teg41 (pCN51_Teg41) or the Teg41 3′ end (pCN51_Teg41_3’) results in an increase in hemolytic activity in both wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ strain. In panels A and B, hemolytic activity in the wild-type strain without plasmid was set at 100%, and the relative hemolytic activity of all other strains was indicated as a percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: **, P < 0.01; ns = not significant. The strain background was AH1263.

  • FIG 10
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    FIG 10

    Analysis of Teg41 and αPSM transcripts. (A) Northern blot of Teg41 levels in wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ strain. RNA was extracted from cells growing for 6 h in TSB and probed with a radiolabeled Teg41 probe. (B) RT-qPCR analysis of the 5′ end of Teg41. RT-qPCR was performed using primers that anneal to the 5′ end of Teg41. Data shown are the averages of two technical replicates from three biological replicates. Expression levels are normalized using gyrB, and the wild-type sample is set at 1. Error bars represent standard deviations. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: **, P < 0.01. (C) Northern blot analysis of αPSM levels in wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ strain. RNA was extracted from cells growing for 3 h and 6 h in TSB and probed with a radiolabeled αPSM probe. (D) RT-qPCR analysis of αPSM transcript levels. RT-qPCR was performed on RNA samples identical to those used in panel C (i.e., wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ strain at 3 h and 6 h). Data shown are the averages of two technical replicates from three biological replicates. Expression levels are normalized using gyrB, and the wild-type sample is set at 1. Error bars represent standard deviations. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *, P < 0.05. The strain background was AH1263.

  • FIG 11
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    FIG 11

    Predicted secondary structure of the αPSM transcript. The locations of each αPSM RBS are indicated in red. The region predicted to interact with Teg41 is shown in green.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Supplemental Material
  • TABLE 1

    Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

    Strain or plasmidRelevant characteristicReference
    or source
    S. aureus strains
        RN4220Restriction-deficient transformation recipient36
        TCH1516Community-associated USA300 MRSA isolate37
        UAMS-1Osteomyelitis clinical isolate38
        SH1000rsbU repaired laboratory strain39
        NewmanLaboratory strain40
        AH1263USA300 LAC isolate cured of plasmid LAC-p0341
        JE2USA300 LAC isolate cured of plasmids LAC-p01 and LAC-p0342
        RKC0602UAMS-1 pMK4This work
        RKC0603UAMS-1 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0600SH1000 pMK4This work
        RKC0601SH1000 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0535AH1263 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0604Newman pMK4This work
        RKC0605Newman pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0072TCH1516 pMK4This work
        RKC0474TCH1516 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0494JE2 pMK4This work
        RKC0470JE2 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0599AH1263 pMK4This work
        RKC0538AH1263 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0630AH1263 pCN51This work
        RKC0614AH1263 pCN51_Teg41This work
        RKC0628AH1263 pCN51_Teg41_3′This work
        RKC0552AH1263 pMK4_Teg41_5′This work
        NE1354USA300 JE2 hla::Bursa, hla NARSA transposon mutant42
        RKC0183TCH1516 hla::Bursa, hla mutantThis work
        RKC0472TCH1516 hla::Bursa pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0521AH1263 hla::Bursa, hla mutantThis work
        BB2373JE2 ΔpsmαB. Boles
        RKC0504JE2 Δpsmα pMK4This work
        RKC0442JE2 Δpsmα pMK4_Teg41This work
        JLB162AH1263 Teg41 3′ deletion (Teg41Δ3′)This work
        RKC0535JLB162 pMK4_Teg41This work
        RKC0553JLB162 pMK4_Teg41_5′This work
        RKC0631JLB162 pCN51This work
        RKC0615JLB162 pCN51_Teg41This work
        RKC0629JLB162 pCN51_Teg41_3′This work
    S. epidermidis strains
        1457Wild-type S. epidermidis43
        RKC05181457 pMK4This work
        RKC05191457 pMK4_Teg41This work
    E. coli strain
        DH5αCloning strainInvitrogen
    Plasmids
        pMK4Gram-positive shuttle vector (Cmr)44
        pRKC0486pMK4_Teg41 (vector overexpressing Teg41 from its native promoter)This work
        pRKC0554pMK4_Teg41_5′ (vector overexpressing the 5′end of Teg41 from its native promoter,
    i.e., Teg41 missing the 3′ end)
    This work
        pCN51Cadmium-inducible expression vector45
        pRKC0473pCN51_Teg41 (vector overexpressing Teg41 from an inducible promoter)This work
        pRKC0628pCN51_Teg41_3′(vector overexpressing the 3′ end of Teg41 from an inducible promoter)This work
        pJB38Temperature-sensitive allelic exchange plasmid (Cmr)46
        pJB1037pJB38 containing fragment upstream of Teg41This work
        pJB1039pJB1037 containing fragment downstream of Teg41This work
  • TABLE 2

    Oligonucleotide primers

    PrimerSequence
    JBKU89CAGAATTCCACTCGCCAGTCGCAATATAAATAG
    JBKU90CAGGTACCATTATGTACAGAATCTACTATTGTAGG
    JBKU92CAGGTACCAGTTTAACTAGACACTGCATCACGGTAC
    JBKU93CAAGTCGACTTAAATTATTTTGCGAAAATGTCGATAATTGC
    JBKU94GTATCATGACAGCTAATACAAGTAGTACATTCGTC
    JBKU95CATCAATAAATCAACACAAAGCAAAGCCACCATC
    #0232CCGGAATTCAGATTACCTCCTTTGCTTATGAG
    #0233CGCGGATCCCCTACAATAGTAGATTCTGTAC
    #0587GGGAGCACGCTTAAAGAGAA
    #0588CAGAAAATTTACTATTGCAGGTTTCA
    #0331AGACACTGCATCACGGTACG
    #0332GGAATTCTTAAGCGTGCTCCCATGC
    #0333GGTCTCGTCTAGGCAAAGCA
    #0334GGAATTCGGGAGCACGCTTAAAGAGAA
    #0301ACGCGTCGACTTATGTTATAAGTTTAAAACG
    #0302GGAATTCGCAGAAAATTTACTATTGC
    #0580ACGCGTCGACGTGTCTAGTTAAACTGAAACCT
    #0581GGAATTCTAGTAGATTCTGTACATAATGGCA
    #0488CGCGGATCCCAGTTTAACTAGACACTGCATC
    #0566ACGCGTCGACTCACCTCACATCAATAAATCAACA
    #0567CGCGGATCCAAGCAAAGGAGGTAATCTTAATGG

Supplemental Material

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • FIG S1

    Full-length gel from Fig. 5B. Download FIG S1, PDF file, 0.9 MB.

    Copyright © 2019 Zapf et al.

    This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

  • FIG S2

    Densitometry analysis of butanol-extracted PSMs. Download FIG S2, PDF file, 2.0 MB.

    Copyright © 2019 Zapf et al.

    This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

  • FIG S3

    Growth of wild-type S. aureus and the Teg41Δ3′ mutant in TSB. Download FIG S3, PDF file, 0.8 MB.

    Copyright © 2019 Zapf et al.

    This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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The Small RNA Teg41 Regulates Expression of the Alpha Phenol-Soluble Modulins and Is Required for Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus
Rachel L. Zapf, Richard E. Wiemels, Rebecca A. Keogh, Donald L. Holzschu, Kayla M. Howell, Emily Trzeciak, Andrew R. Caillet, Kellie A. King, Samantha A. Selhorst, Michael J. Naldrett, Jeffrey L. Bose, Ronan K. Carroll
mBio Feb 2019, 10 (1) e02484-18; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02484-18

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The Small RNA Teg41 Regulates Expression of the Alpha Phenol-Soluble Modulins and Is Required for Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus
Rachel L. Zapf, Richard E. Wiemels, Rebecca A. Keogh, Donald L. Holzschu, Kayla M. Howell, Emily Trzeciak, Andrew R. Caillet, Kellie A. King, Samantha A. Selhorst, Michael J. Naldrett, Jeffrey L. Bose, Ronan K. Carroll
mBio Feb 2019, 10 (1) e02484-18; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02484-18
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    • ABSTRACT
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KEYWORDS

PSM
Staphylococcus aureus
Teg41
phenol-soluble modulin
regulatory RNA
sRNA

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