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Host-Microbe Biology

  • Open Access
    Impact of Nuclear Export Pathway on Cytoplasmic HIV-1 RNA Transport Mechanism and Distribution
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Impact of Nuclear Export Pathway on Cytoplasmic HIV-1 RNA Transport Mechanism and Distribution

    The unspliced HIV-1 full-length RNA (HIV-1 RNA) is packaged into virions as the genome and is translated to generate viral structural proteins and enzymes. To serve these functions, HIV-1 RNA must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It was recently suggested that export pathways used by HIV-1 RNA could affect its cytoplasmic transport mechanisms and distribution. In the current report, we examined the HIV-1 RNA transport...

    Jianbo Chen, Chijioke Umunnakwe, David Q. Sun, Olga A. Nikolaitchik, Vinay K. Pathak, Ben Berkhout, Atze T. Das, Wei-Shau Hu
  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> Induces the PARP1/AP-1 Pathway for Upregulation of Metalloproteinases and Transforming Growth Factor β in Macrophages: Role in Cardiac Fibroblast Differentiation and Fibrosis in Chagas Disease
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Trypanosoma cruzi Induces the PARP1/AP-1 Pathway for Upregulation of Metalloproteinases and Transforming Growth Factor β in Macrophages: Role in Cardiac Fibroblast Differentiation and Fibrosis in Chagas Disease

    Cardiomyopathy is the most important clinical manifestation of T. cruzi-driven CD. Recent studies have suggested the detrimental role of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during cardiac remodeling in T. cruzi infection. Peripheral TGF-β levels are...

    Subhadip Choudhuri, Nisha Jain Garg
  • Open Access
    Long-Term Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of <em>In Vitro</em> Cultured Polarized Human Airway Epithelium
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Long-Term Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of In Vitro Cultured Polarized Human Airway Epithelium

    The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to >35 million confirmed cases and >1 million fatalities worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 mainly replicates in human airway epithelia in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we used in vitro cultures of polarized human bronchial airway epithelium to model SARS-CoV-2 replication for a period of 21...

    Siyuan Hao, Kang Ning, Cagla Aksu Kuz, Kai Vorhies, Ziying Yan, Jianming Qiu
  • Open Access
    EPEC Recruits a Cdc42-Specific GEF, Frabin, To Facilitate PAK Activation and Host Cell Colonization
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    EPEC Recruits a Cdc42-Specific GEF, Frabin, To Facilitate PAK Activation and Host Cell Colonization

    Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children, especially in the developing world. EPEC initiates infection by attaching to cells in the host intestine, triggering the formation of actin-rich “pedestal” structures directly beneath the adherent pathogen. These bacteria inject their own receptor into host cells, which upon binding...

    Vikash Singh, Peter J. Hume, Anthony Davidson, Vassilis Koronakis
  • Open Access
    Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies

    It is estimated that 250,000 to 650,000 individuals worldwide die each year from seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Current vaccines provide little protection against newly emerging strains. Thus, considerable effort is focused on enhancing the generation of broadly reactive IAV antibodies in order to develop a universal IAV vaccine. However, broadly reactive IAV antibodies are rare and the factors that limit their generation...

    Rachael Keating, Jenny L. Johnson, David C. Brice, Jocelyn G. Labombarde, Alexander L. Dent, Maureen A. McGargill
  • Open Access
    A Genital Infection-Attenuated <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Chlamydia muridarum</span> Mutant Infects the Gastrointestinal Tract and Protects against Genital Tract Challenge
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    A Genital Infection-Attenuated Chlamydia muridarum Mutant Infects the Gastrointestinal Tract and Protects against Genital Tract Challenge

    Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. Most chlamydia genital infections resolve without serious consequences; however, untreated infection in women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Antibiotics are very effective in treating chlamydia, but most genital infections in both men and women are asymptomatic and go undiagnosed. Therefore, there is a critical need for an...

    Sandra G. Morrison, Amanda M. Giebel, Evelyn Toh, Arkaprabha Banerjee, David E. Nelson, Richard P. Morrison
  • Open Access
    The Nontypeable <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Haemophilus influenzae</span> Major Adhesin Hia Is a Dual-Function Lectin That Binds to Human-Specific Respiratory Tract Sialic Acid Glycan Receptors
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Major Adhesin Hia Is a Dual-Function Lectin That Binds to Human-Specific Respiratory Tract Sialic Acid Glycan Receptors

    Host-adapted bacterial pathogens like NTHi have evolved specific mechanisms to colonize their restricted host niche. Relatively few of the adhesins expressed by NTHi have been characterized as regards their binding affinity at the molecular level. In this work, we show that the major NTHi adhesin Hia preferentially binds to Neu5Ac-α2-6-sialyllactosamine, the form of sialic acid expressed in humans. The receptors targeted by Hia in the...

    John M. Atack, Christopher J. Day, Jessica Poole, Kenneth L. Brockman, Jamie R. L. Timms, Linda E. Winter, Thomas Haselhorst, Lauren O. Bakaletz, Stephen J. Barenkamp, Michael P. Jennings
  • Open Access
    DDX56 Binds to Chikungunya Virus RNA To Control Infection
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    DDX56 Binds to Chikungunya Virus RNA To Control Infection

    Arthropod-borne viruses are diverse pathogens and include the emerging virus chikungunya virus, which is associated with human disease. Through genetic screening, we found that the conserved RNA binding protein DDX56 is antiviral against chikungunya virus in insects and humans. DDX56 relocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it binds to a stem-loop in the viral genome and destabilizes incoming genomes. Thus, DDX56 is an...

    Frances Taschuk, Iulia Tapescu, Ryan H. Moy, Sara Cherry
  • Open Access
    Estimation of Full-Length TprK Diversity in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Treponema pallidum</span> subsp. <em>pallidum</em>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Estimation of Full-Length TprK Diversity in Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

    Syphilis continues to be a significant public health issue in both low- and high-income countries, including the United States where the rate of syphilis infection has increased over the past 5 years. Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, carries the outer membrane protein TprK that undergoes segmental gene conversion to...

    Amin Addetia, Michelle J. Lin, Quynh Phung, Hong Xie, Meei-Li Huang, Giulia Ciccarese, Ivano Dal Conte, Marco Cusini, Francesco Drago, Lorenzo Giacani, Alexander L. Greninger
  • Open Access
    Population Analysis of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> Reveals a Cryptic, Highly Prevalent Superantigen SElW That Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Bacteremia
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Population Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Reveals a Cryptic, Highly Prevalent Superantigen SElW That Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Bacteremia

    Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and animal pathogen associated with an array of diseases, including life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia and infective endocarditis. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen has been linked in part to its ability to manipulate the host immune response...

    Manouk Vrieling, Stephen W. Tuffs, Gonzalo Yebra, Marleen Y. van Smoorenburg, Joana Alves, Amy C. Pickering, Joo Youn Park, Nogi Park, David E. Heinrichs, Lindert Benedictus, Timothy Connelley, Keun Seok Seo, John K. McCormick, J. Ross Fitzgerald

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