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Host-Microbe Biology

  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Toxin CpnT Is an ESX-5 Substrate and Requires Three Type VII Secretion Systems for Intracellular Secretion
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis Toxin CpnT Is an ESX-5 Substrate and Requires Three Type VII Secretion Systems for Intracellular Secretion

    CpnT, a NAD+ glycohydrolase, is the only known toxin that is secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CpnT is composed of two domains; the C-terminal domain is the toxin, whereas the N-terminal domain is required for secretion.

    B. Izquierdo Lafuente, R. Ummels, C. Kuijl, W. Bitter, A. Speer
  • Open Access
    ROP16-Mediated Activation of STAT6 Suppresses Host Cell Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Facilitating Type III <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Growth and Survival
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    ROP16-Mediated Activation of STAT6 Suppresses Host Cell Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Facilitating Type III Toxoplasma gondii Growth and Survival

    Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects up to one-third of the world’s population. Control of the parasite is largely accomplished by IFN-γ-dependent mechanisms that stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses.

    Joshua A. Kochanowsky, Kaitlin K. Thomas, Anita A. Koshy
  • Open Access
    Chitosan and Chitin Deacetylase Activity Are Necessary for Development and Virulence of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Ustilago maydis</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Chitosan and Chitin Deacetylase Activity Are Necessary for Development and Virulence of Ustilago maydis

    The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, causing substantial losses in world corn production. This nonobligate pathogen penetrates the plant cell wall with the help of appressoria and then establishes an extensive biotrophic interaction, where the hyphae are tightly encased by the plant plasma membrane.

    Yanina S. Rizzi, Petra Happel, Sandra Lenz, Mounashree J. Urs, Martin Bonin, Stefan Cord-Landwehr, Ratna Singh, Bruno M. Moerschbacher, Regine Kahmann
  • Open Access
    Contributions of the Four Essential Entry Glycoproteins to HSV-1 Tropism and the Selection of Entry Routes
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Contributions of the Four Essential Entry Glycoproteins to HSV-1 Tropism and the Selection of Entry Routes

    Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) contain up to 16 different proteins in their envelopes. Four of these, glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL, are termed essential with regard to entry, whereas the rest are typically referred to as nonessential based on the entry phenotypes of the respective single genetic deletions.

    Adam T. Hilterbrand, Raecliffe E. Daly, Ekaterina E. Heldwein
  • Open Access
    What Is the Price of Science?
    Editor's Pick Observation | Host-Microbe Biology
    What Is the Price of Science?

    The peer-reviewed scientific literature is the bedrock of science. However, scientific publishing is undergoing dramatic changes, which include the expansion of open access, an increased number of for-profit publication houses, and ready availability of preprint manuscripts that have not been peer reviewed. In this opinion article, we discuss the inequities and concerns that these changes have wrought.

    James C. Alwine, Lynn W. Enquist, Terence S. Dermody, Felicia Goodrum
  • Open Access
    <em>Fusobacterium nucleatum</em> Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Fusobacterium nucleatum Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation

    Several studies have identified an increased abundance of Fusobacterium in the intestinal tracts of patients with colon cancer, liver cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, HIV infection, and alcoholism. However, the direct mechanism(s) of action of Fusobacterium on pathophysiological within the gastrointestinal tract is unclear.

    Melinda A. Engevik, Heather A. Danhof, Wenly Ruan, Amy C. Engevik, Alexandra L. Chang-Graham, Kristen A. Engevik, Zhongcheng Shi, Yanling Zhao, Colleen K. Brand, Evan S. Krystofiak, Susan Venable, Xinli Liu, Kendal D. Hirschi, Joseph M. Hyser, Jennifer K. Spinler, Robert A. Britton, James Versalovic
  • Open Access
    Elucidating the Antiviral Mechanism of Different MARCH Factors
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Elucidating the Antiviral Mechanism of Different MARCH Factors

    This study examines the mechanism utilized by different MARCH proteins to restrict retrovirus infection. MARCH proteins block the incorporation of envelope glycoproteins to the budding virions.

    Supawadee Umthong, Brian Lynch, Uddhav Timilsina, Brandon Waxman, Emily B. Ivey, Spyridon Stavrou
  • Open Access
    Real-Time Imaging of Polioviral RNA Translocation across a Membrane
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Real-Time Imaging of Polioviral RNA Translocation across a Membrane

    The initial transfer of genomic material from a virus into a host cell is a key step in any viral infection. Consequently, understanding how viruses deliver their genomes into cells could reveal attractive therapeutic targets.

    Krishanthi S. Karunatilaka, David J. Filman, Mike Strauss, Joseph J. Loparo, James M. Hogle
  • Open Access
    Preconceptual Priming Overrides Susceptibility to <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Systemic Infection during Pregnancy
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Preconceptual Priming Overrides Susceptibility to Escherichia coli Systemic Infection during Pregnancy

    Pregnancy makes women especially vulnerable to infection. The most common cause of bloodstream infection during pregnancy is by a bacterium called Escherichia coli.

    Nina Salinger Prasanphanich, Emily J. Gregory, John J. Erickson, Hilary Miller-Handley, Jeremy M. Kinder, Sing Sing Way
  • Open Access
    Unraveling the Impact of Secreted Proteases on Hypervirulence in <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Unraveling the Impact of Secreted Proteases on Hypervirulence in Staphylococcus aureus

    A key feature of the pathogenic success of S. aureus is the myriad virulence factors encoded within its genome. These are subject to multifactorial control, ensuring their timely production only within an intended infectious niche.

    Brittney D. Gimza, Jessica K. Jackson, Andrew M. Frey, Bridget G. Budny, Dale Chaput, Devon N. Rizzo, Lindsey N. Shaw

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