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Clinical Science and Epidemiology

  • Open Access
    Population Structure, Antibiotic Resistance, and Uropathogenicity of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Klebsiella variicola</span>
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Population Structure, Antibiotic Resistance, and Uropathogenicity of Klebsiella variicola

    Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are a growing public health threat. Understanding of pathogen relatedness and biology is imperative for tracking outbreaks and developing therapeutics. Here, we detail the phylogenetic structure of 145 K. variicola genomes from different continents. Our results have important clinical ramifications as high-...

    Robert F. Potter, William Lainhart, Joy Twentyman, Meghan A. Wallace, Bin Wang, Carey-Ann D. Burnham, David A. Rosen, Gautam Dantas
  • Open Access
    Intrinsic Class D β-Lactamases of <em>Clostridium difficile</em>
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Intrinsic Class D β-Lactamases of Clostridium difficile

    C. difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which causes infection of the large intestine with high mortality rates. The C. difficile infection is difficult to prevent and treat, as the pathogen is resistant to many antimicrobial agents. Prolonged use of β-lactam antibiotics for treatment of...

    Marta Toth, Nichole K. Stewart, Clyde Smith, Sergei B. Vakulenko
  • Open Access
    Pig Movement and Antimicrobial Use Drive Transmission of Livestock-Associated <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> CC398
    Commentary | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Pig Movement and Antimicrobial Use Drive Transmission of Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398

    The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has changed considerably over the last 3 decades, including the recognition of lineages associated with the community and with livestock exposure, in addition to nosocomial strains. A recent study by R.

    Tara C. Smith, Meghan F. Davis, Christopher D. Heaney
  • Open Access
    Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients

    Cases of iatrogenic prion disease have been reported from corneal transplants, yet the distribution and levels of prions throughout the eye remain unknown. This study probes the occurrence, level, and distribution of prions in the eyes of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). We tested the largest series of prion-infected eyes reported to date using an ultrasensitive technique to establish the prion seed levels in...

    Christina D. Orrù, Katrin Soldau, Christian Cordano, Jorge Llibre-Guerra, Ari J. Green, Henry Sanchez, Bradley R. Groveman, Steven D. Edland, Jiri G. Safar, Jonathan H. Lin, Byron Caughey, Michael D. Geschwind, Christina J. Sigurdson
  • Open Access
    Drivers and Dynamics of Methicillin-Resistant Livestock-Associated <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> CC398 in Pigs and Humans in Denmark
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Drivers and Dynamics of Methicillin-Resistant Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in Pigs and Humans in Denmark

    Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex CC398 (LA-MRSA CC398) is resistant to nearly all β-lactams and several non-β-lactam antimicrobials. Over the last decade, it has become widespread in pig farms across Europe and is now an important cause of human infections in countries with previously low levels of MRSA, such as the...

    Raphael N. Sieber, Robert L. Skov, Jens Nielsen, Jana Schulz, Lance B. Price, Frank M. Aarestrup, Anders R. Larsen, Marc Stegger, Jesper Larsen
  • Open Access
    <em>Salmonella enterica</em> Serovar Typhi in Bangladesh: Exploration of Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Bangladesh: Exploration of Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance

    Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is responsible for an estimated burden of approximately 17 million new episodes per year worldwide. Adequate and timely antimicrobial treatment invariably cures typhoid fever. The increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of S. Typhi severely limits the treatment options. We studied whole-genome...

    Arif M. Tanmoy, Emilie Westeel, Katrien De Bruyne, Johan Goris, Alain Rajoharison, Mohammad S. I. Sajib, Alex van Belkum, Samir K. Saha, Florence Komurian-Pradel, Hubert P. Endtz
  • Open Access
    Genomic Surveillance of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Enterococcus faecium</span> Reveals Limited Sharing of Strains and Resistance Genes between Livestock and Humans in the United Kingdom
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Genomic Surveillance of Enterococcus faecium Reveals Limited Sharing of Strains and Resistance Genes between Livestock and Humans in the United Kingdom

    The rise in rates of human infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains between 1988 to the 2000s in Europe was suggested to be associated with acquisition from livestock. As a result, the European Union banned the use of the glycopeptide drug avoparcin as a growth promoter in livestock feed. While some studies reported a decrease in...

    Theodore Gouliouris, Kathy E. Raven, Catherine Ludden, Beth Blane, Jukka Corander, Carolyne S. Horner, Juan Hernandez-Garcia, Paul Wood, Nazreen F. Hadjirin, Milorad Radakovic, Mark A. Holmes, Marcus de Goffau, Nicholas M. Brown, Julian Parkhill, Sharon J. Peacock
  • Open Access
    High Prevalence of MERS-CoV Infection in Camel Workers in Saudi Arabia
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    High Prevalence of MERS-CoV Infection in Camel Workers in Saudi Arabia

    The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a coronavirus (CoV)-mediated respiratory disease. Virus transmission occurs within health care settings, but cases also appear sporadically in the community. Camels are believed to be the source for community-acquired cases, but most patients do not have camel exposure. Here, we assessed whether camel workers (CWs) with high rates of exposure to camel nasal and oral secretions had evidence...

    Abeer N. Alshukairi, Jian Zheng, Jingxian Zhao, Atef Nehdi, Salim A. Baharoon, Laila Layqah, Ahmad Bokhari, Sameera M. Al Johani, Nosaibah Samman, Mohamad Boudjelal, Patrick Ten Eyck, Maha A. Al-Mozaini, Jincun Zhao, Stanley Perlman, Abdulaziz N. Alagaili
  • Open Access
    Gut Microbiota in the First 2 Years of Life and the Association with Body Mass Index at Age 12 in a Norwegian Birth Cohort
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Gut Microbiota in the First 2 Years of Life and the Association with Body Mass Index at Age 12 in a Norwegian Birth Cohort

    Understanding the role of the early-life gut microbiota in obesity is important because there may be opportunities for preventive strategies. We examined the relationships between infant gut microbiota at six times during the first two years of life and BMI at age 12 in a birth cohort of 165 children and their mothers. We found that the gut microbiota from early life to two years shows an increasingly strong association with childhood...

    Maggie A. Stanislawski, Dana Dabelea, Brandie D. Wagner, Nina Iszatt, Cecilie Dahl, Marci K. Sontag, Rob Knight, Catherine A. Lozupone, Merete Eggesbø
  • Open Access
    BacCapSeq: a Platform for Diagnosis and Characterization of Bacterial Infections
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    BacCapSeq: a Platform for Diagnosis and Characterization of Bacterial Infections

    BacCapSeq is a method for differential diagnosis of bacterial infections and defining antimicrobial sensitivity profiles that has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality, health care costs, and the inappropriate use of antibiotics that contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance.

    Orchid M. Allicock, Cheng Guo, Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Susan Whittier, Lokendra V. Chauhan, Joel Garcia, Adam Price, Stephen S. Morse, Nischay Mishra, Thomas Briese, W. Ian Lipkin

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