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Clinical Science and Epidemiology

  • Open Access
    The Impact of Anthelmintic Treatment on Human Gut Microbiota Based on Cross-Sectional and Pre- and Postdeworming Comparisons in Western Kenya
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    The Impact of Anthelmintic Treatment on Human Gut Microbiota Based on Cross-Sectional and Pre- and Postdeworming Comparisons in Western Kenya

    The gut microbiome is an important factor in human health. It is affected by what we eat, what medicines we take, and what infections we acquire. In turn, it affects the way we absorb nutrients and whether we have excessive intestinal inflammation. Intestinal worms may have an important impact on the composition of the gut microbiome. Without a complete understanding of the impact of mass deworming programs on the microbiome, it is...

    Alice V. Easton, Mariam Quiñones, Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin, Rita G. Oliveira, Stella Kepha, Maurice R. Odiere, Roy M. Anderson, Yasmine Belkaid, Thomas B. Nutman
  • Open Access
    Evolutionary and Genomic Insights into <em>Clostridioides difficile</em> Sequence Type 11: a Diverse Zoonotic and Antimicrobial-Resistant Lineage of Global One Health Importance
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Evolutionary and Genomic Insights into Clostridioides difficile Sequence Type 11: a Diverse Zoonotic and Antimicrobial-Resistant Lineage of Global One Health Importance

    Historically, Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) has been associated with life-threatening diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Increasing rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) in the community suggest exposure to C. difficile reservoirs outside the hospital, including...

    Daniel R. Knight, Brian Kullin, Grace O. Androga, Frederic Barbut, Catherine Eckert, Stuart Johnson, Patrizia Spigaglia, Kazuhiro Tateda, Pei-Jane Tsai, Thomas V. Riley
  • Open Access
    Two Health or Not Two Health? That Is the Question
    Commentary | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Two Health or Not Two Health? That Is the Question

    How much drug-resistant infections in livestock contribute to disease in humans is controversial. While zoonoses are a prominent cause of emerging infections, and the profligate use of antibiotics as growth promoters is expected to lead to the spread of resistance, this resistance could remain concentrated in animal pathogens and only rarely spill over into humans.

    William P. Hanage
  • Open Access
    Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Something Old and Something New
    Perspective | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Something Old and Something New

    Since 2014, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a long-recognized condition associated with polioviruses, nonpolio enteroviruses, and various other viral and nonviral causes, has been reemerging globally in epidemic form. This unanticipated reemergence is ironic, given that polioviruses, once the major causes of AFM, are now at the very threshold of global eradication and cannot therefore explain any aspect of AFM reemergence.

    ...
    David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers, Anthony S. Fauci
  • Open Access
    Rapid Replacement of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Acinetobacter baumannii</span> Strains Accompanied by Changes in Lipooligosaccharide Loci and Resistance Gene Repertoire
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Rapid Replacement of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Accompanied by Changes in Lipooligosaccharide Loci and Resistance Gene Repertoire

    Multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii is a difficult-to-treat health care-associated pathogen. Knowing the resistance genes present in isolates causing infection aids in empirical treatment selection. Furthermore, knowledge of the genetic background can assist in tracking patterns of transmission to limit the spread of infections in hospitals. The appearance of a new...

    Mark D. Adams, Meredith S. Wright, James K. Karichu, Pratap Venepally, Derrick E. Fouts, Agnes P. Chan, Sandra S. Richter, Michael R. Jacobs, Robert A. Bonomo
  • Open Access
    Quantifying and Interpreting the Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota Composition and Childhood Obesity
    Letter to the Editor | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Quantifying and Interpreting the Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota Composition and Childhood Obesity
    Shirin Moossavi, Meghan B. Azad
  • Open Access
    <em>Cryptococcus deuterogattii</em> VGIIa Infection Associated with Travel to the Pacific Northwest Outbreak Region in an Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Autoantibody-Positive Patient in the United States
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Cryptococcus deuterogattii VGIIa Infection Associated with Travel to the Pacific Northwest Outbreak Region in an Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Autoantibody-Positive Patient in the United States

    Mortality rates associated with C. gattii infections are estimated to be between 13% and 33%, depending on an individual’s predisposition, and C. gattii has caused at least 39 deaths in the PNW region. There have been four other international travel cases reported in patients from Europe and Asia...

    Shelly Applen Clancey, Emily J. Ciccone, Marco A. Coelho, Joie Davis, Li Ding, Renee Betancourt, Samuel Glaubiger, Yueh Lee, Steven M. Holland, Peter Gilligan, Julia Sung, Joseph Heitman
  • Open Access
    Reply to Moossavi and Azad, “Quantifying and Interpreting the Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota Composition and Childhood Obesity”
    Author Reply | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Reply to Moossavi and Azad, “Quantifying and Interpreting the Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota Composition and Childhood Obesity”
    Maggie A. Stanislawski, Dana Dabelea, Brandie D. Wagner, Nina Iszatt, Cecilie Dahl, Marci K. Sontag, Rob Knight, Catherine A. Lozupone, Merete Eggesbø
  • Open Access
    One Health Genomic Surveillance of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Demonstrates Distinct Lineages and Mobile Genetic Elements in Isolates from Humans versus Livestock
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    One Health Genomic Surveillance of Escherichia coli Demonstrates Distinct Lineages and Mobile Genetic Elements in Isolates from Humans versus Livestock

    The increasing prevalence of E. coli bloodstream infections is a serious public health problem. We used genomic epidemiology in a One Health study conducted in the East of England to examine putative sources of E. coli associated with serious human disease....

    Catherine Ludden, Kathy E. Raven, Dorota Jamrozy, Theodore Gouliouris, Beth Blane, Francesc Coll, Marcus de Goffau, Plamena Naydenova, Carolyne Horner, Juan Hernandez-Garcia, Paul Wood, Nazreen Hadjirin, Milorad Radakovic, Nicholas M. Brown, Mark Holmes, Julian Parkhill, Sharon J. Peacock
  • Open Access
    Genomic Analyses of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Cases among a Cluster in Arizona Provide Further Evidence of Enterovirus D68 Role
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Genomic Analyses of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Cases among a Cluster in Arizona Provide Further Evidence of Enterovirus D68 Role

    Enteroviruses frequently result in respiratory and gastrointestinal illness; however, multiple subtypes, including poliovirus, can cause severe neurologic disease. Recent biennial increases (i.e., 2014, 2016, and 2018) in cases of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis have led to speculations that other enteroviruses, specifically enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), are emerging to fill the niche that was left from poliovirus eradication. A cluster...

    Jolene R. Bowers, Michael Valentine, Veronica Harrison, Viacheslav Y. Fofanov, John Gillece, Josie Delisle, Bethany Patton, James Schupp, Krystal Sheridan, Darrin Lemmer, Scott Ostdiek, Harlori K. Bains, Jennifer Heim, Tammy Sylvester, Siru Prasai, Melissa Kretschmer, Nicole Fowle, Kenneth Komatsu, Shane Brady, Susan Robinson, Kathryn Fitzpatrick, Gholamabbas Amin Ostovar, Eric Alsop, Elizabeth Hutchins, Kendall Jensen, Paul Keim, David M. Engelthaler

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